简单语法: 主语, 直接宾语, 间接宾语

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简单语法: 主语, 直接宾语, 间接宾语
Hello!
大家好!
This week on Ask a Teacher, we will answer a question about subjects and objects.
本周《名师答疑》，我们回答关于主语和宾语的问题。
Hello VOA Learning English, I am Noormohammed from Saudi Arabia.
你好，美国之音英语学习栏目，我是来自沙特阿拉伯的诺穆罕默德。
I have a question about subjects and objects in sentences.
我想问一下句子中主语和宾语的问题。
Are they the same thing?
它们是一回事吗？
Thanks, Noormohammed.
谢谢，诺穆罕默德。
Thanks for writing to us, Noormohammed.
感谢你给我们写信，诺穆罕默德。
Subjects and objects are not the same thing in English language sentences.
在英语句子中，主语和宾语不是一回事。
But they both involve nouns within the structure of a sentence.
但它们都是句子结构中的名词。
Let's take a closer look at each to see how they work.
让我们仔细地逐个来看它们的用法。
The subject of a sentence causes the action described by the verb.
句子的主语引发动词所描述的动作。
Nouns, pronouns and noun phrases are mainly used as subjects.
名词、代词和名词性短语主要用作主语。
Here is a simple example: The cat sleeps.
这里有一个简单的例子：猫睡觉。
"The cat" is a noun phrase and the subject of this sentence.
The cat是一个名词短语，也是这个句子的主语。
The verb is "sleeps."
动词是sleeps。
Subjects almost always come before their verbs in sentences.
句子中的主语几乎总是出现在动词之前。
Other kinds of phrases can also become subjects of sentences.
其他类型的短语也可以成为句子的主语。
For example, a verb phrase can become a subject.
例如，动词短语可以成为主语。
One kind of verbal phrase is called a gerund, the "ing" form of a verb.
有一种动词短语叫做动名词，也就是动词的ing形式。
It acts as a noun.
它充当名词。
This means that it can be the subject of a sentence.
这意味着它可以成为句子的主语。
Walking is a great form of exercise.
散步是一种很好的锻炼方式。
In this sentence, "walking" is a gerund and is the subject.
在这个句子中，walking是动名词，也是主语。
It is not a verb.
它不是一个动词。
Other grammatical forms can be subjects too, like noun clauses and prepositional phrases.
其他语法形式也可以做主语，比如名词性从句和介词短语。
Now let's move onto objects.
现在我们讲宾语。
An object is another part of the sentence.
宾语是句子的另一部分。
Objects come after verbs.
宾语位于动词之后。
We say that the object of a sentence receives the action of the verb or that the verb affects the object in some way.
我们说，句子的宾语接受动词表示的动作，或者动词以某种方式影响宾语。
Objects are always nouns or noun phrases.
宾语总是名词或名词短语。
This is something that is shared between the subject of the sentence and the object, but the two are not the same.
这是句子的主语和宾语的共同点，但两者是不同的。
Here is a simple example of an object: The cat eats food.
这里有一个宾语的简单例子：猫吃食物。
In this sentence, "food" is the object.
在这个句子中，food是宾语。
The "food" receives the action from the cat - it gets eaten.
“食物”接受猫的动作：食物被吃掉了。
This makes "food" the direct object.
这使得“食物”成为直接宾语。
It comes after the verb, and it is directly affected by the action of the verb.
它位于动词之后，直接受动词动作的影响。
Here are some more examples of direct objects: I love drinking tea in the morning.
这里还有几个直接宾语的例子：我喜欢在早上喝茶。
Remember how gerunds act like nouns?
还记得动名词可以充当名词吗？
Here the verb phrase "drinking tea" is the object.
这里的动词短语“喝茶”是宾语。
We ate Thai food last night.
我们昨晚吃了泰国菜。
Here the noun phrase "Thai food" is the direct object.
这里的名词短语“泰国菜”是直接宾语。
I baked Masha a cake.
我给玛莎烤了一个蛋糕。
Here the direct object of the sentence is "a cake."
在这里，句子的直接宾语是“蛋糕”。
But what about the other noun that comes right after the verb in the sentence?
但是，句子中紧跟在动词后面的另一个名词是什么呢？
"Masha" is the indirect object.
“玛莎”是间接宾语。
Indirect objects are affected by the direct object and not the verb.
间接宾语受直接宾语的影响，不受动词的影响。
Indirect objects need a direct object.
要有直接宾语，才有间接宾语。
So, in this sentence, we did not bake Masha; we baked the cake for Masha.
所以，在这句话中，我们烤的不是玛莎，而是为玛莎烤了蛋糕。
Here are a few sentences to practice.
这里有几个可以做练习的句子。
Find the subject and the object (direct and/or indirect).
请找出主语和宾语(直接宾语和/或间接宾语)。
Walking up too many hills hurts Oliver's back.
爬太多山伤到了奥利弗的背部。
We made our parents breakfast.
我们给父母做了早餐。
Abdul bought his wife a new car.
阿卜杜勒给妻子买了一辆新车。
She writes long letters every month.
她每个月都要写长信。
Please let us know if these explanations and examples have helped you, Noormohammed.
请让我们知道这些解释和例子是否对你有帮助，诺穆罕默德。
And that's Ask a Teacher.
以上就是《名师答疑》。
I'm Faith Pirlo.
我是费思·皮尔洛。